Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a range of conditions associated with decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries resulting from sudden rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Several studies have found that oxidative stress is involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The role of oxidase enzymes and antioxidative stress biomarkers in these processes needs further attention. In this study, a total of 120 participants were enrolled which comprised 60 ACS patients and 60 control subjects. The major oxidase enzyme, xanthine oxidase, which plays a pivotal role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), showed significantly higher activities in both serum (158.03 ± 43.30 mU/mL) and red blood cells (RBC) lysate (309.07 ± 75.73 mU/mL) of the ACS patients compared to controls, 48.51 ± 13.41 mU/mL and 184.10 ± 70.14 mU/mL, respectively. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and myeloperoxidase, both of which are major contributors to ROS production, showed significantly higher activities in patients (14.13 ± 3.38 U/L and 10.9 ± 3.3 U/mg) than in controls, 6.90 ± 1.94 U/L and 5.9 ± 1.5 U/mg, respectively. Ceruloplasmin, an emerging biomarker of inflammation, showed significantly higher activity in patients (83.8 ± 26.2 U/L) compared to controls, 70.0 ± 18.9 U/L. The antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase showed significantly lower activity in patients than controls, 60.7 ± 47.8 U/mL/min and 85.2 ± 49.5 U/mL/min, respectively. Evaluation of cardioprotective biomarkers nitric oxide and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) showed significantly lower values in patients. Correlation analyses between these parameters further corroborated increased oxidative stress in patients. These findings suggest that excessive productions of ROS by the oxidase enzymes cause an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants leading to increased oxidative stress in patients with ACS.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major contributor to global deaths in developed countries, and its prevalence is rising in developing countries [1]
The major oxidase enzyme, xanthine oxidase, which plays a pivotal role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), showed significantly higher activities in both serum (158.03 ± 43.30 mU/mL) and red blood cells (RBC) lysate (309.07 ± 75.73 mU/mL) of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients compared to controls, 48.51 ± 13.41 mU/mL and 184.10 ± 70.14 mU/mL, respectively
The troponin I values of the patients, which were measured at the hospital upon diagnosis, were recorded
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major contributor to global deaths in developed countries, and its prevalence is rising in developing countries [1]. According to a large scale study, the prevalence of CVD is at its peak in Bangladesh and its associated risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes are on the rise [2]. The majority of cardiovascular deaths are attributable to coronary artery disease (CAD) which is the blockage of one or more arteries that supply blood to the heart, usually due to atherosclerosis. Several studies have found that the most common risk factor for atherosclerosis is increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with an impaired endogenous antioxidant mechanism, a phenomenon termed as oxidative stress [3] [4]. Other prominent biomolecules may give some insight into the generation of oxidative stress such as ceruloplasmin (Cp), nitric oxide (NO) and HDL-C
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