Abstract
Classic biological control is generally understood as an environmentally safe practice of insect pest management. We investigated the overwintering abilities of Trichogramma brassicae Bezd. and T. cacoeciae Marchall in Tekirdag Turkey. Parasitized eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zell (Lep.: Pyralidae) by T. cacoeciae and T. cacoeciae were exposed under outdoor conditions between 17 August and 9 October. Emergence of T. brassicae and T. cacoeciae for the five exposure dates occurred in the same year. An emergence of 99% was observed in the following offspring for all of the tested parasitoid species exposed on 17 September. For eggs that were parasitized later than 9 November 2003, the emergence of parasitoids was in spring, on 19 March 2004. We found that T. brassica and T. cacoeciae were able to overwinter successfully on E. kuehniella. Fecundity of T. brassicae and T. cacoeciae females that overwintered on E. kuehniella was significantly different from the fecundity of control females that were reared under optimal conditions at 25°C. Our results demonstrate that the egg parasitoids T. brassicae and T. cacoeciae are able to overwinter successfully in Turkey .
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