Abstract
Background/Objectives To assess the association between patterns of overweight over the life course and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults. Subjects/methods In 1982, the maternity hospitals of Pelotas, a southern city of Brazil, were visited daily and those newborns whose family lived in the urban area of the city were identified (n = 5914) and have prospectively followed for several occasions. Weight and height were measured at every visit. BMI-for-age z-score was calculated using the WHO Child Growth Standards. At 30 years, overweight was defined as a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 and obesity by BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2. The participants were divided into eight groups according to the presence of overweight or obesity in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Blood pressure, random blood glucose, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol triglycerides and fat mass were measured at 30 years. Results From 2219 participants with anthropometric data in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, 25% never had been overweight, whereas 11.6% were overweight in the three periods. Random blood glucose, SBP and DBP were higher among those subjects who were always overweight/obese or only overweight/obese during adolescence and adulthood. The participants who were never overweight/obese or only in childhood or adolescence had a lower cardiometabolic risk profile (higher HDL cholesterol, lower blood pressure, lower random glucose, lower LDL cholesterol) at 30 years. Fat mass captured from 25 to 100% of the association of overweight and obesity trajectory with cardiometabolic risk factors. Conclusions The tracking of overweight/obesity is associated with an adverse cardio metabolic profile and this association is largely mediated by fat mass in adulthood.
Highlights
Obesity is one of the conditions that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease
It has been estimated that 35.8 million (2.3%) of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) around the world are due to overweight or obesity and every year at least 2.8 million people die as a result of being
The association between obesity and cardiovascular disease would be mainly mediated by increased level of metabolic cardiovascular risk factors [8], since obesity is associated with higher blood pressure [9], Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose and lower High Density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [7, 8, 10,11,12,13]
Summary
Obesity is one of the conditions that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess the association between patterns of overweight over the life-course and cardio metabolic risk factors in young adults. One of the conditions that increases the risk of cardiovascular death is obesity [3]. There is evidence that childhood obesity is considered as a cardio metabolic risk predictor in adulthood [7]. The association between obesity and cardiovascular disease would be mainly mediated by increased level of metabolic cardiovascular risk factors [8], since obesity is associated with higher blood pressure [9], Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose and lower High Density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [7, 8, 10,11,12,13]. A systematic review has shown that excessive weight gain during the life course increases the risk of hypertension [14].
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