Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a systemic metabolic disorder with complex pathogenesis. In recent years, a variety of new T2DM drugs have emerged, such as sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. As traditional medicines, insulin also has developed kinds of formulations such as quick-acting or premixed insulin. In addition, new treatment schedules combining multiple drugs are also fully explored. The efficacy, the administration, the mechanism, the safety and the price of these drugs are all different, providing patients with multiple options. This paper reviews the main types of type 2 diabetes drugs on the market and describes the mechanism of action. The representative type 2 diabetes treatment drugs are listed, and the advantages and disadvantages of these representative drugs are preliminarily evaluated. This information is reviewed to help doctors with clinical medication.
Highlights
As the number of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients increases in recent years, more and more therapeutic drugs are emerging
Metformin is recommended as first-line drug for T2DM by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) [5]
Even though the efficacy is moderate and the cost is high, sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors provide low risk of hypoglycemia and additional blood pressure lowering for T2DM patients with hypertension, ADA and AACE identified SGLT-2 inhibitors as second-line drugs and used them as adjuvant to metformin in the treatment of T2DM [15] [23]
Summary
As the number of T2DM patients increases in recent years, more and more therapeutic drugs are emerging. Some long-established drugs, such as Caleviram and Bromocriptine, are being used to treat diabetes indications. All of these drugs are effective in reducing two key indicators of diabetes, blood glucose and hemoglobin a1c (HbA1c) and the choice of drugs for patients depends on their individual conditions. The main types of approved hypoglycemic drugs, representative drugs and their corresponding advantages and disadvantages are summarized
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