Abstract
Abstract. In this paper, we describe the PALM model system 6.0. PALM (formerly an abbreviation for Parallelized Large-eddy Simulation Model and now an independent name) is a Fortran-based code and has been applied for studying a variety of atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers for about 20 years. The model is optimized for use on massively parallel computer architectures. This is a follow-up paper to the PALM 4.0 model description in Maronga et al. (2015). During the last years, PALM has been significantly improved and now offers a variety of new components. In particular, much effort was made to enhance the model with components needed for applications in urban environments, like fully interactive land surface and radiation schemes, chemistry, and an indoor model. This paper serves as an overview paper of the PALM 6.0 model system and we describe its current model core. The individual components for urban applications, case studies, validation runs, and issues with suitable input data are presented and discussed in a series of companion papers in this special issue.
Highlights
Since the early 1970s, the turbulence-resolving so-called large-eddy simulation (LES) technique has been increasingly employed for studying the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) at large Reynolds numbers
The wind turbine model (WTM) included in Parallelized Large-eddy Simulation Model (PALM) is based on the common actuator disk model (ADM) approach in which the rotor of a wind turbine is represented by a permeable disk that extracts energy from the flow by applying a thrust force at the disk
Aerosol physics were implemented based on the sectional aerosol module for large-scale applications (SALSA; Kokkola et al, 2008) which includes a detailed description of the aerosol number size distribution, chemical composition, and aerosol dynamic processes
Summary
Since the early 1970s, the turbulence-resolving so-called large-eddy simulation (LES) technique has been increasingly employed for studying the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) at large Reynolds numbers. In a precursor paper (Maronga et al, 2015), we gave an overview of the Parallelized Large-eddy Simulation Model (PALM) version 4.0. PALM is optimized to pursue the strategy of performing data operations like time or domain averaging to a great extent online instead of postpone such operations to a post-processing step. In this way, the data output (e.g., of huge 4-D data or temporal averages) can be significantly reduced. As the model core in version 4.0 was described in detail in the precursor paper, we will focus here on the changes in the model core and give an overview of all the new components that have been added to the model.
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