Abstract
Increased gut permeability is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of a growing number of disorders. The altered intestinal barrier and the subsequent translocation of bacteria or bacterial products into the internal milieu of the human body induce the inflammatory state. Gut microbiota maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. Since dysbiosis contributes to increased gut permeability, the interventions that change the gut microbiota and correct dysbiosis are suggested to also restore intestinal barrier function. In this review, the current knowledge on the role of biotics (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics) in maintaining the intestinal barrier function is summarized. The potential outcome of the results from in vitro and animal studies is presented, and the need for further well-designed randomized clinical trials is highlighted. Moreover, we indicate the need to understand the mechanisms by which biotics regulate the function of the intestinal barrier. This review is concluded with the future direction and requirement of studies involving biotics and gut barrier.
Highlights
Intestinal inflammatory diseases have become a real challenge in recent times
Over time, it was shown that biotics devoid of live bacterial cells, such as prebiotics or postbiotics, are able to maintain a balance in the intestinal ecosystem
An increasing number of scientific reports indicate that the microbiota and general homeostasis in the intestinal environment are factors that guarantee health
Summary
Chronic inflammation of different intensity is observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), overweight, obesity, type I diabetes (T1D), cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, depression and anxiety [1] These diseases have a varied aetiology; one of the factors potentially linking them is the increased permeability of the intestinal barrier [2]. The intestinal barrier is characterized by selective permeability, which means that water, ions and low-molecular substances can freely pass through it, while it is impermeable to macromolecules, toxins, food allergens and pathogens [2] When these substances leave the intestine, the immune system is over-activated, resulting in the induction of inflammation, which, if it persists for a long time, leads to serious health consequences [3]
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