Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art for oscillators operating at reduced supply voltage. The analysis and implementation examples of differ-ent types of oscillators, such as LC oscillators, transformer-based oscillators, and CMOS oscillators are presented. Expres-sions for the oscillation frequency and the minimum supply voltage limit are provided. The characteristics, advantages, and constrains of different topologies are discussed, providing a reference guideline for the choice of the best topology for a given application.

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