Abstract
Mucoadhesive dosage forms may be intended for facilitation of prolonged retention time at the application site hence providing drug release in a controlled rate for enhanced improvement of therapeutic activity and its outcome. The buccal mucosa has been investigated for systemic drug delivery and local drug treatment or therapy that is subjected to first pass metabolism. The applicability of bio-adhesion approach in buccal drug delivery proved great therapeutic potential to overcome the limitation of conventional buccal drug delivery. The delivery via buccal route using mucoadhesive biopolymers such as various natural gums e.g. carrageenans, gum karaya, gum arabic, locust bean gum, khaya gum, gum ghatti, albizia gum, guar gum, starch, cellulose, larch gum and pectin etc. and various thiolated and carboxymethylated polymers has been the subject of interest since the early 20th century. The present article is focused mainly on the oral mucosa, mechanism of drug permeation, and characteristics of the desired polymers, the manuscript then proceeds to cover the theories behind the adhesion of bioadhesive polymers to the mucosal epithelium followed by the factors affecting mucoadhesion. Further the author has also discussed on the new generation of mucoadhesive polymers and their properties, recent mucoadhesive formulations for enhanced buccal drug delivery, various marketed products and patent literature. Various online search engines and scientific journals were employed for the collection of literature and scientific data and information related to the topic using keywords like mucoadhesive polymers, buccal drug delivery, buccal patches, tablets, films, gels, powder from the year 2002 and above.
Highlights
Mucoadhesion or mucosal adhesion is defined as the state which is responsible for the adhesion between two materials for a definite material of time
Over the last two decades mucoadhesion has become an area of interest for the administration of various unstable bioactive via different route of administration
The marketed Buccastem®, is an adhesive tablet used for anti-emetic action. This buccastem contains the active ingredient as prochlorperazine maleate which is placed under the upper lip and shows better release of drug for prolonged period of time. Other than these benefits of using the oral buccal tablets, some other mechanisms like oscillatory action produced by talking and mastication action produced during chewing of any eatable item, can produce patient compliance making the use of tablets uncomfortable [79, 80]
Summary
Mucoadhesion or mucosal adhesion is defined as the state which is responsible for the adhesion between two materials for a definite material of time. The mucoadhesive polymer as well as its degradation products should have ability to form strong non covalent bonds with mucin epithelial cells [17] This will avoid the polymeric buccal formulation to shift from the site of administration because of the buccal movements which are produced by talking, drinking and eating etc. Collagen has various attractive properties like good biocompatibility, degradability, low antigenicity which makes the collagen polymer to be used widely in various pharmaceutical, tissue and medical applications in drug delivery systems [23]. Examples Agarose, chitosan, gelatine Hyaluronic acid Various gums (xanthan, guar, gellan, pectin and sodium alginate) Cellulose derivatives (CMC, thiolated CMC, sodium CMC, HEC, HPC, HPMC, MC) Poly(acrylic acid)-based polymers (CP, PC, PAA, copolymer of acrylic acid and PEG) Others PVA, PVP, thiolated polymers CP, HEC, HPC, HPMC PAA, sodium CMC, sodium alginate Chitosan, EC, PC Aminodextran, dimethylaminorthyl (DEAE)-dextran trimethylated chitosan Chitosan-EDTA, CP, CMC, pectin, PAA, PC, sodium alginate, sodium CMC, xanthan gum Hydroxyethyl starch, HPC, PVA,PVP, scleroglucan Cyanoacrylate Acrylates [hydroxylated methylate, poly(methacrylic acid)], CP, PC, PVA Chitosan
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