Abstract
Trichuris sp. infection has appeared as a pathological burden in the population, but the immunomodulation features could result in an opportunity to discover novel treatments for diseases with prominent inflammatory responses. Regarding the immunological aspects, the innate immune responses against Trichuris sp. are also responsible for determining subsequent immune responses, including the activation of innate lymphoid cell type 2 (ILC2s), and encouraging the immune cell polarization of the resistant host phenotype. Nevertheless, this parasite can establish a supportive niche for worm survival and finally avoid host immune interference. Trichuris sp. could skew antigen recognition and immune cell activation and proliferation through the generation of specific substances, called excretory/secretory (ESPs) and soluble products (SPs), which mainly mediate its immunomodulation properties. Through this review, we elaborate and discuss innate–adaptive immune responses and immunomodulation aspects, as well as the clinical implications for managing inflammatory-based diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, allergic, sepsis, and other autoimmune diseases.
Highlights
Trichuris sp. infection has appeared as a pathological burden in the population, but the immunomodulation features could result in an opportunity to discover novel treatments for diseases with prominent inflammatory responses
Trichuris is discussed regarding the fate of worm expulsion with a potent Th2 response versus chronic infection dominated by Th1-type cytokine expression
A recent review explored the substantial role of the GI epithelium as the first structural barrier against pathogens, as it maintains the homeostasis with the work of mucus, intestinal microbiomes, and functional innate immune cell content [44]
Summary
Trichuris sp. induces a cascade of immunological responses characterized by hyper-IgE and eosinophil or humoral-mediated responses in the human large intestine [33,34,35]. Several factors affecting the immune response are orchestrated locally and systematically during infection, which were represented through a study using peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). PBL played a role as a marker for the immunologic response in mesenteric lymph nodes against T. trichiura, and secreted higher levels of type. Trickle infection appeared as a transforming factor of immunological direction. This mode of infection modulated the immune response during the experimental study more predominantly with Th1-type cytokine. Trichuris is discussed regarding the fate of worm expulsion with a potent Th2 response versus chronic infection dominated by Th1-type cytokine expression
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