Abstract
The main hardware failure types of computer systems are classified. The risks and the difficulties in the safety demonstration of different fail-safe computer systems are compared. Such computer systems are: Multi-computer with hard- or software comparator, with equal and diverse processing; single computer with checking program or with diverse multi-processing. The problems of computers with fail-safe circuits or with processing in coded form are discussed. A structure of the safety demonstration is recommended. In order to achieve a low probability of multiple failures a fast failure detection is necessary. In practise it is not possible to analyse the internal failures of a microprocessor in detail. An operational method of failure detection using a second processor and a function test program is outlined. Advantages and disadvantages of hardware diversity are discussed.
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