Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes, as carriers of biomarkers in extracellular spaces has been well demonstrated. Despite their promising potential, the use of exosomes in the clinical setting is restricted due to the lack of standardization in exosome isolation and analysis methods. The purpose of this review is to not only introduce the different types of extracellular vesicles but also to summarize their differences and similarities, and discuss different methods of exosome isolation and analysis currently used. A thorough understanding of the isolation and analysis methods currently being used could lead to some standardization in the field of exosomal research, allowing the use of exosomes in the clinical setting to become a reality.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space [1,2]
The field of EVs has led to much understanding in the area of cell–cell communication and cancer metastasis, and their use in the clinical setting as carriers of biomarkers for diagnostic purposes has been demonstrated [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28], standardized methods for EV isolation and analysis must be developed in order for them to become tools that can truly be used in the clinical setting
The uses of EVs in the clinical setting for diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and drug delivery tools has well been demonstrated and continues to be a subject of intense study based on the traditional Western blot methodology, and because a predefined set of proteins have been described
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space [1,2]. Substantial overlap of protein profiles is often observed, due in part to the lack of standardized isolation and analysis methods of EVs [2,12]. The field of EVs has led to much understanding in the area of cell–cell communication and cancer metastasis, and their use in the clinical setting as carriers of biomarkers for diagnostic purposes has been demonstrated [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28], standardized methods for EV isolation and analysis must be developed in order for them to become tools that can truly be used in the clinical setting
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