Abstract
After a thorough review of existing studies of clinoptilolite zeolites, three areas for potential investigation of the Saudi Arabian zeolites were found. They are the characterizations, the catalytic activity, active sites, and uses of natural clinoptilolite zeolites. First, no analysis is available worldwide to compare the percentage weight of local zeolites with those sourced from other countries, nor does one exist for the establishment on the zeolite conversion of MBOH with water on acidic catalysts at lower temperatures. Secondly, a review of current literature on the topic revealed that basic and active sites of Saudi Arabian zeolites have yet to be examined. Future investigation of zeolite catalytic activity can be achieved by methyl butynol test reaction (MBOH) and absorption-desorption of ammonia. In the characterization of a range of international materials, the methyl butynol test reaction was utilized, including on natural zeolites, natural clays, and synthesized hydrotalcites. However, the catalytic performance of natural Saudi Arabian clinoptilolite zeolites by test reaction of MBOH conversion has not been yet investigated. Therefore, this article also includes an outline of the general testing conditions and parameters required to execute the accurate characterization of local Saudi clinoptilolite under optimal test conditions. Likewise, knowledge of the important active acidic centers of local materials is prescribed. This can be ascertained by determining the conditions together with the test parameters for the application of the “temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia” method in order to obtain an accurate determination of local Saudi clinoptilolite acidic centers. Additionally, an outline of the catalytic activity of worldwide clinoptilolite is given in this article together with kinetic investigations of other sources for the clinoptilolite zeolite in order to form the basis for the testing of local Saudi clinoptilolite. The percentage average of chemical composition (Wt.%) of natural clinoptilolite from various countries is also included. Finally, a future research plan is proposed here. This will form the basis for a complete study or survey to be compiled detailing the modifications needed to increase the surface areas for Saudi natural clinoptilolite zeolites using different methods of modifications. This could enhance its application as acid catalysts for use in the retardation of coke formation and for membrane separation on cationic exchange.
Highlights
Zeolites are of great interest to researchers working in the various fields such as energy recovery technology [1], water adsorption [2], ion exchangers, adsorbents, catalysts [3, 4], acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols [5,6,7] for dry reforming of methane [8], and synthesis of zeolites with nonporous titania for corrosion resistance applications [9], as well for agriculture and food production [10].ere are a number of definitions; though not dissimilar, the most widely accepted is by Breck [11]
Depending on the size of the pore opening, the aluminosilicates are divided into narrow, medium, and wide-pore zeolites. e narrow pore zeolites have a pore opening consisting of eightmembered rings, each of which corresponds to a diameter of 0.4-0.5 nm. e medium pore zeolites have pores with a diameter of 0.5-0.6 nm, which are composed of tenmembered rings, and the wide-pore ones are bounded by pore openings with ten-membered rings, each of which Journal of Chemistry equals a diameter of 0.70–0.75 nm [4]
The catalytic test reaction of methyl butynol (MBOH) and the temperature program desorption of ammonia method are suggested in this paper as an effective characterization tools to abstract more information about catalytic activity and active acidic centers of the local zeolite
Summary
Zeolites are of great interest to researchers working in the various fields such as energy recovery technology [1], water adsorption [2], ion exchangers, adsorbents, catalysts [3, 4], acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols [5,6,7] for dry reforming of methane [8], and synthesis of zeolites with nonporous titania for corrosion resistance applications [9], as well for agriculture and food production [10]. The catalytic test reaction of methyl butynol (MBOH) and the temperature program desorption of ammonia method are suggested in this paper as an effective characterization tools to abstract more information about catalytic activity and active acidic centers of the local zeolite. Results from both analysis will be reported and contribute to the field of knowledge From this point, the paper presents literature review on that case and proposes a research approach for the local Saudi zeolite where the conversion of MBOH with water can be applied for local zeolites as acidic catalyst using conversion of MBOH with water at lower reaction temperature of 120°C. ough there is an ample amount of published works in the general field of zeolites, much less is available related to local natural Saudi Arabian zeolite. E connection of cuboctahedra as a tertiary unit via sixmembered rings leads to the three-dimensional structure of the Y zeolite. e arrangement of the polyhedra leads to the formation of large cavities, which are called super cages due to their diameter of 1.2 nm [19]
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