Abstract
Bioprinting technologies, which have the ability to combine various human cell phenotypes, signaling proteins, extracellular matrix components, and other scaffold-like biomaterials, are currently being exploited for the fabrication of human skin in regenerative medicine. We performed a systematic review to appraise the latest advances in 3D bioprinting for skin applications, describing the main cell phenotypes, signaling proteins, and bioinks used in extrusion platforms. To understand the current limitations of this technology for skin bioprinting, we briefly address the relevant aspects of skin biology. This field is in the early stage of development, and reported research on extrusion bioprinting for skin applications has shown moderate progress. We have identified two major trends. First, the biomimetic approach uses cell-laden natural polymers, including fibrinogen, decellularized extracellular matrix, and collagen. Second, the material engineering line of research, which is focused on the optimization of printable biomaterials that expedite the manufacturing process, mainly involves chemically functionalized polymers and reinforcement strategies through molecular blending and postprinting interventions, i.e., ionic, covalent, or light entanglement, to enhance the mechanical properties of the construct and facilitate layer-by-layer deposition. Skin constructs manufactured using the biomimetic approach have reached a higher level of complexity in biological terms, including up to five different cell phenotypes and mirroring the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The confluence of the two perspectives, representing interdisciplinary inputs, is required for further advancement toward the future translation of extrusion bioprinting and to meet the urgent clinical demand for skin equivalents.
Highlights
Skin is a large and complex organ that serves protective and regulatory functions and is responsible for communication between the external environment and the inner organism
This connection can be pursued by bioprinting manufacturing, and it is commonly assessed by studying the presence of laminin, which is a basement layer protein that participates in the anchoring of the epidermal keratinocytes to the dermis
We focused on research focused onhydrogels research (or involving hydrogelsloaded loaded with different cellto phenotypes, involving their precursors) with different cell phenotypes, adhering the current adhering to the current bioink definitionresearch
Summary
Skin is a large and complex organ that serves protective and regulatory functions and is responsible for communication between the external environment and the inner organism. Bioprinting technologies, which have the ability to combine various human cell phenotypes, signaling proteins, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and other scaffold-like biomaterials, are currently being exploited for the fabrication of human skin, broadly aiming to achieve two main goals. The first goal is to meet the urgent clinical demand for skin equivalents, which can range in complexity from advanced dressings for chronic wounds [2] to biomimetic skin grafts to help restore complexity advanced dressings for chronic [2] topostsurgical biomimetic skin grafts[3]. Development [4,5].different bioprinting technologies We performed a systematic review to estimate the possibilities of extrusion bioprinting bioprinting for skin applications, describing the main cell phenotypes, signaling proteins, and for skin applications, the main platforms.
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