Abstract
Each year, more than 330 million tons of plastic are produced worldwide. The main consumers of plastics are the packaging (40%), building (20%) and automotive (8%) industries, as well as for the manufacture of household appliances. The vast majority of industrial plastics are not biodegradable and, therefore, create environmental problems due to the increase in the amount of solid waste. Studies have been conducted to produce biodegradable materials such as bioplastics to overcome this environmental problem. Bioplastics are defined as materials that are bio-based, biodegradable, or both; they can provide excellent biodegradability and can be used to help alleviate environmental problems. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the introduction of bioplastic materials and classifications, and a comprehensive review of their drawbacks and areas of importance, including basic and applied research, as well as biopolymer mixtures and biocomposites developed in the last decade. At the same time, this article provides insights into the development of bioplastics research to meet the needs of many industries, especially in the packaging industry in Malaysia. This review paper also focuses generally on bioplastic packaging applications such as food and beverage, healthcare, cosmetics, etc.
Highlights
Plastics are a wide class of polymer composites that use polymers as a major ingredient
This means that the phrase “biobased” refers to materials or products that are made entirely or partially from renewable resources; for example, in common plastics, the petrochemical resin is replaced by animal or vegetable polymers, and compounds such as glass or carbon fiber are replaced by natural fibers such as wood fibers, hemp, flax, sisal, and jute [15]
The nanofiller is added to improve the mechanical properties and barrier properties of the polymer biocomposite. Another aspect of this progress is a decrease in the environmental carbon footprint of biocomposites consisting of conventional plastics impregnated with natural fibers or bioplastics filled with synthetic fibers [15]
Summary
Plastics are a wide class of polymer composites that use polymers as a major ingredient. The term bio-based refers to products that are derived from biological material made from biomass This means that the phrase “biobased” refers to materials or products that are made entirely or partially from renewable resources (biomass); for example, in common plastics, the petrochemical resin is replaced by animal or vegetable polymers, and compounds such as glass or carbon fiber are replaced by natural fibers such as wood fibers, hemp, flax, sisal, and jute [15]. Postable” logo is issued by the Biodegradable Plastic Institute in the U.S Sources: [21] It can be inferred from the study that bioplastics made from bio-based polymers can be. The criteria of SIRIM ECO 001:2016 refer to all plastic sheets and compostable biomass-based used foroffood serving andapply films to inbiodegradable the form of sacks or packing materials, whileitems the criteria. Starch-based films replace (perforated) PE in certain applications, and barrier qualities are unimportant [39]
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