Abstract
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging low-power wireless technology developed for short-range control and monitoring applications that is expected to be incorporated into billions of devices in the next few years. This paper describes the main features of BLE, explores its potential applications, and investigates the impact of various critical parameters on its performance. BLE represents a trade-off between energy consumption, latency, piconet size, and throughput that mainly depends on parameters such as connInterval and connSlaveLatency. According to theoretical results, the lifetime of a BLE device powered by a coin cell battery ranges between 2.0 days and 14.1 years. The number of simultaneous slaves per master ranges between 2 and 5,917. The minimum latency for a master to obtain a sensor reading is 676 μs, although simulation results show that, under high bit error rate, average latency increases by up to three orders of magnitude. The paper provides experimental results that complement the theoretical and simulation findings, and indicates implementation constraints that may reduce BLE performance.
Highlights
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging wireless technology developed by the BluetoothSpecial Interest Group (SIG) for short-range communication
The message exchange required for distributing the Long-Term Key (LTK), the Connection Signature Resolving Key (CSRK) or the Identity Resolving Key (IRK) is encrypted by using the Short-Term Key (STK) obtained in the second phase
This paper describes the BLE protocol stack, provides a performance evaluation of this technology and explores its potential applications
Summary
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging wireless technology developed by the Bluetooth. In contrast with previous Bluetooth flavors, BLE has been designed as a low-power solution for control and monitoring applications. The advent of BLE has occurred while other low-power wireless solutions, such as ZigBee, 6LoWPAN or Z-Wave, have been steadily gaining momentum in application domains that require multihop networking [2,3]. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 overviews the BLE protocol stack and describes the operation and main characteristics of each layer; Section 3 evaluates the energy consumption, latency and network size of BLE and discusses application layer BLE throughput; Section 4 explores the application and market adoption possibilities for BLE, and provides a comparison with other wireless low-power technologies.
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