Abstract
High voltage direct current (HVDC) technology has begun to gather a high degree of interest in the last few decades, showing a fast evolution of achievable voltage levels, transfer capacities, and transmission lengths. All these changes occurred in a context in which power system applications are highly dependent on HVDC technologies such as energy generation from renewable sources (e.g., energy generated in offshore wind power plants), power exchanges between asynchronous networks, submarine cables, and long-length transmission overhead lines have become more common worldwide. This paper tries to summarize the current state of HVDC technologies, both voltage-source converters and current-source converters, the main components of converter substations, control strategies, key challenges arising from their use, as well as the future prospects and trends of HVDC applications. This paper represents the first step in setting the background information for analyzing the impact of a VSC-HVDC connection on the stability of the Romanian transmission network during steady-state and dynamic operation.
Highlights
This paper reviews the current state of High voltage direct current (HVDC) technology and the recent developments seen in HVDC converter topologies
Technology; The main control strategies and U-I characteristics used for current-source converters (CSC)-HVDC control are summarized (CCR, CCI, CIA, and CEA)
Technologies are discussed: direct current (DC) circuit breaker solutions, reliability and maintenance of HVDC converter substation, multi-terminal operation; The study takes a look at the future trends and applications of HVDC technologies such as Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), CTL converters, hybrid implementation of HVDC links, new types of bipolar topologies, and network stability improvement applications of HVDC technology; Future Considerations and Developments: HVDC technology will play a more important role for increased implementation of renewable energy and enhancement of the security and reliability in complex operational conditions
Summary
There are great difficulties in increasing the voltage level of submarine cables (and their ability to transfer high power). The existence of high generation capacity hydroelectric projects under development in areas of exploitation remote from consumption has become a problem for the classical application of power transmission by using alternating current (transmission of energy at AC over long distances raises issues in terms of static stability and increases total power losses) [1]. For long-distance and high-capacity transmission links, CSC-HVDC technology has both higher efficiency and a higher power transfer capacity than classical AC solutions. In the case of power transmission from offshore power plants or from other remote areas with limited space, VSC-HVDC is the preferable technology, bringing great active and reactive power control capabilities.
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