Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases are now associated with obesity and diabetes and linked to the developing and developed world. Interests in healthy diets have escalated that may prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. The global metabolic syndrome involves lipoprotein abnormalities and insulin resistance and is the major disorder for induction of neurological disease. The effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on dyslipidemia and NAFLD indicate that the clearance and metabolism of fungal mycotoxins are linked to hypercholesterolemia and amyloid beta oligomers. LPS and mycotoxins are associated with membrane lipid disturbances with effects on cholesterol interacting proteins, lipoprotein metabolism, and membrane apo E/amyloid beta interactions relevant to hypercholesterolemia with close connections to neurological diseases. The influence of diet on mycotoxin metabolism has accelerated with the close association between mycotoxin contamination from agricultural products such as apple juice, grains, alcohol, and coffee. Cholesterol efflux in lipoproteins and membrane cholesterol are determined by LPS with involvement of mycotoxin on amyloid beta metabolism. Nutritional interventions such as diets low in fat/carbohydrate/cholesterol have become of interest with relevance to low absorption of lipophilic LPS and mycotoxin into lipoproteins with rapid metabolism of mycotoxin to the liver with the prevention of neurodegeneration.
Highlights
Interests in lowering peripheral cholesterol levels to reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been the focus of many research studies, with particular impact for the regulation of brain amyloid beta (Aβ) metabolism that is closely connected to neurodegenerative disease
Cholesterol cannot pass through the blood brain barrier (BBB) with brain cholesterol homeostasis maintained by cholesterol excretion in form of oxysterols
The synergism of LPS and mycotoxin on NAFLD involve the corruption of peripheral Aβ metabolism [69,70,71], associated with increased plasma cholesterol, oxysterol, mycotoxin levels, and low HDL levels involved with early neurotoxicity in various neurodegenerative diseases
Summary
Interests in lowering peripheral cholesterol levels to reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been the focus of many research studies, with particular impact for the regulation of brain amyloid beta (Aβ) metabolism that is closely connected to neurodegenerative disease. NNuuttrriittiioonn aanndd ffoooodd sscciieennccee wwiitthh ddiieettss tthhaatt pprroommoottee tthhee llooww aabbssoorrppttiioonn ooff lliippoopphhiilliicc LLPPSS aanndd mmyyccoottooxxiinn iinnttoo lliippoopprrootteeiinnss wwiitthh tthhee rraappiidd hheeppaattiicc mmeettaabboolliissmm ooff LLPPSS//mmyyccoottooxxiinnssttootthheelliivveerr,,hhaavveebbeeccoommee iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo pprreevveenntt eeaarrllyy nneeuurroottooxxiicciittyy aanndd ttoo pprroommoottee tthhee ssuurrvviivvaall ooff nneeuurroonnss wwiitthh aaggee These lipoproteins have generally spherical structures consisting of a neutral lipid core of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides and a surface layer of phospholipids, unesterified cholesterol and various apolipoproteins such as apolipoproten E and apoliprotein AI [24]. Hypercholesterolemia and NAFLD induce BBB disease with increased LPS and mycotoxin transport to the brain with neurodegeneration. The synergism of LPS and mycotoxin on NAFLD involve the corruption of peripheral Aβ metabolism [69,70,71], associated with increased plasma cholesterol, oxysterol, mycotoxin levels, and low HDL levels involved with early neurotoxicity in various neurodegenerative diseases
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