Overlap of the Wilson loop with the broken-string state

Abstract

Numerical experiments on most gauge theories coupled with matter failed to observe string-breaking effects while measuring Wilson loops only. We show that, under rather mild assumptions, the overlap of the Wilson loop operator with the broken-string state obeys a natural upper bound implying that the signal of string-breaking is in general too weak to be detected by the conventional updating algorithms. In order to reduce the variance of the Wilson loops in 3D Z 2 gauge Higgs model we use a new algorithm based on the Lüscher–Weisz method combined with a non-local cluster algorithm which allows to follow the decay of rectangular Wilson loops up to values of the order of 10 −24. In this way a sharp signal of string breaking is found.