Abstract
The several Jewish communities discussed are those in Kaifeng and in Shanghai. The presence of the earlier and the later settlers raises several questions. How did the Kaifeng Jews retain their identity as Jews for several centuries while becoming part of Chinese society? Whereas the initial group of arrivals in Shanghai consisted of traders, the twentieth-century groups were refugees. Why were large numbers of Central European Jews able to land in Shanghai when most countries closed their doors to them?
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