Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are a family of small multifunctional proteins involved in various cellular functions, including redox regulation and protection under oxidative stress. Despite the high number of Grx genes in plant genomes (48 Grxs in rice), the biological functions and physiological roles of most of them remain unknown. Here, the functional characterization of the two arsenic-responsive rice Grx family proteins, OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 are reported. Over-expression of OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana conferred arsenic (As) tolerance as reflected by germination, root growth assay, and whole plant growth. Also, the transgenic expression of OsGrxs displayed significantly reduced As accumulation in A. thaliana seeds and shoot tissues compared to WT plants during both AsIII and AsV stress. Thus, OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 seem to be an important determinant of As-stress response in plants. OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 transgenic showed to maintain intracellular GSH pool and involved in lowering AsIII accumulation either by extrusion or reducing uptake by altering the transcript of A. thaliana AtNIPs. Overall, OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 may represent a Grx family protein involved in As stress response and may allow a better understanding of the As induced stress pathways and the design of strategies for the improvement of stress tolerance as well as decreased As content in crops.
Highlights
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are ubiquitous low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins that take part in diverse cellular processes including maintenance and regulation of cellular redox state, iron homeostasis and redox-dependent signaling pathways (Holmgren, 1989; Holmgren and Aslund, 1995; Lillig et al, 2008)
Members of Grx protein family in rice, A. thaliana as well other higher plants reported to involve in reversible glutathionylation and iron metabolism (Lillig et al, 2008)
These results suggested that on As exposure both OsGrxs show upregulation to cope with redox imbalance created by arsenic, as heavy metals such as arsenate, arsenite, chromium, cadmium, leads to increasing oxidative stress in cells which create redox imbalance and cellular damage (Stohs and Bagchi, 1995)
Summary
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are ubiquitous low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins that take part in diverse cellular processes including maintenance and regulation of cellular redox state, iron homeostasis and redox-dependent signaling pathways (Holmgren, 1989; Holmgren and Aslund, 1995; Lillig et al, 2008). Besides the traditional roles of thioldisulfide oxidoreductases in oxidative stress responses, many other functions of Grxs were reported, including roles in iron homeostasis, iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis, and stress-related redox sensor (Michelet et al, 2008; DalleDonne et al, 2009; Rouhier et al, 2010; Zaffagnini et al, 2012). Protein glutathionylation in plants is favored by the condition of enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, where glutathionylation is a mechanism for redox regulation and signaling. To cope with As stress-induced oxidative stress plants have evolved ROS-scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and complex antioxidant systems, such as glutaredoxin and thioredoxin (Apel and Hirt, 2004)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
