Abstract
BackgroundCDC25 phosphatases are important regulators of the cell cycle. Their abnormal expression detected in a number of tumors implies that their dysregulation is involved in malignant transformation. However, the role of CDC25s in vulvar cancer is still unknown. To shed light on their roles in the pathogenesis and to clarify their prognostic values, expression of CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C in a large series of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas were examined.MethodsExpression of CDC25A, CDC25B, CDC25C and phosphorylated (phospho)-CDC25C (Ser216) were examined in 300 vulvar carcinomas using immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis was utilized to demonstrate CDC25s expression in vulvar cancer cell lines. Kinase and phosphatase assays were performed to exclude cross reactivity among CDC25s isoform antibodies.ResultsHigh nuclear CDC25A and CDC25B expression were observed in 51% and 16% of the vulvar carcinomas, respectively, whereas high cytoplasmic CDC25C expression was seen in 63% of the cases. In cytoplasm, nucleus and cytoplasm/nucleus high phospho-CDC25C (Ser216) expression was identified in 50%, 70% and 77% of the carcinomas, respectively. High expression of CDC25s correlated significantly with malignant features, including poor differentiation and infiltration of vessel for CDC25B, high FIGO stage, presence of lymph node metastases, large tumor diameter, poor differentiation for CDC25C and high FIGO stage, large tumor diameter, deep invasion and poor differentiation for phospho-CDC25C (Ser216). In univariate analysis, high expression of phospho-CDC25C (Ser216) was correlated with poor disease-specific survival (p = 0.04). However, such an association was annulled in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsOur results suggest that CDC25C and phospho-CDC25C (Ser216) play a crucial role and CDC25B a minor role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of vulvar carcinomas. CDC25B, CDC25C and phospho-CDC25C (Ser216) were associated with malignant features and aggressive cancer phenotypes. However, the CDC25s isoforms were not independently correlated to prognosis.
Highlights
CDC25 phosphatases are important regulators of the cell cycle
Our results showed that anti-CDC25A detected CDC25A, but not CDC25B or CDC25C
Anti-CDC25C and anti-phospho-CDC25C (Ser 216) immunoblotted with CDC25C, but not with CDC25A or CDC25B (Figure 1a). These results indicate that anti-CDC25A, anti-CDC25B, anti-CDC25C and anti-phospho-CDC25C (Ser 216) detect their own respective antigen without any crossreaction with other CDC25s isoform
Summary
CDC25 phosphatases are important regulators of the cell cycle. In a bid to decrease the incidence of CDC25 phosphatases, which are believed to be important regulators of cell cycle progression, dominate entry into mitosis by regulating the activation of CDK1/cyclin B [5]. Recent studies suggest that all three CDC25 phosphatases function as regulators of both G1/S and G2/M transitions [7]
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