Overcrowding in a neonatal intermediate care unit: impact on the incidence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms

Doris Fischer,Udo Dahl,Christian Brandt,Thomas Klingebiel,Linda Falgenhauer,Can Imirzalioglu,Sabine Philippi,Thomas A Wichelhaus,Rolf L Schlößer,Volkhard A J Kempf,Claudia Reinheimer

doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3981-8

Abstract

BackgroundOvercrowding, reduced nurse to patient ratio, limited distance between incubators and absence of microbiological surveillance have been shown to promote spread of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms (MDRGN) in patients with birthweight < 1500 g. Patients > 1500 g treated on an intermediate care unit are unrepresented in recent literature. We therefore intended to present data obtained from a short-term overcrowded neonatal intermediate care unit (NIMCU) at a level III (international categorization) perinatal center at University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany.MethodsDuring a 25 day overcrowding (OV) and 28 day post-overcrowding period (POST-OV) on NIMCU, epidemiological data obtained from continuously hold microbiological surveillance were investigated and compared to the last 12 months of ward-regular bed occupancy preceding OV (PRAE-OV).ResultsDuring OV, the number of patients simultaneously treated at the NIMCU increased from 18 to 22, resulting in a reduced bed-to-bed space. Nurse: patient ratio was 4:22 during OV compared to 3:18 during PRAE-OV. Cumulative incidence of MDRGN was 4.7% in OV and 2.4% POST-OV compared to 4.8% to PRAE-OV, respectively, without any significant variations. During OV and POST-OV, septic episodes due to MDRGN were not observed. In one case, potential nosocomial transmission of Enterobacter cloacae resistant to Piperacillin and 3rd/4th generation cephalosporins was observed.ConclusionsPrevention of nosocomial spread of MDRGN in an overcrowded NIMCU is based on staff’s diligent training and adequate staffing. Concise microbiological surveillance should be guaranteed to escort through overcrowding periods. In our setting, impact of bed-to-bed distance on MDRGN transmission seemed to be less strong.

Highlights

Overcrowding, reduced nurse to patient ratio, limited distance between incubators and absence of microbiological surveillance have been shown to promote spread of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms (MDRGN) in patients with birthweight < 1500 g
Concise microbiological surveillance should be guaranteed to escort through overcrowding periods
Period prior to OV (PRAE-OV) was defined as the one-year-period prior to the overcrowding period with neonatal intermediate care unit (NIMCU) running under regular bed-occupancy

Summary

Introduction

Overcrowding, reduced nurse to patient ratio, limited distance between incubators and absence of microbiological surveillance have been shown to promote spread of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms (MDRGN) in patients with birthweight < 1500 g. Overcrowding has been shown to promote the spread of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in medical wards [12,13,14]. Overcrowding was mentioned as well as one major factor in the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) due to SARS-coronavirus (CoV) in healthcare workers [15]. In neonatal units overcrowding has been shown to foster the spread of gram-negative bacteria and central venous lines (CVC) associated bloodstream infections [18]. Overcrowding should be considered to promote transmission and spread of MDRGN on neonatal units

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion