Abstract
Despite the unique advantages of optical microscopy for molecular specific high resolution imaging of living structure in both space and time, current applications are mostly limited to research settings. This is due to the aberrations and multiple scattering that is induced by the inhomogeneous refractive boundaries that are inherent to biological systems. However, recent developments in adaptive optics and wavefront shaping have shown that high resolution optical imaging is not fundamentally limited only to the observation of single cells, but can be significantly enhanced to realize deep tissue imaging. To provide insight into how these two closely related fields can expand the limits of bio imaging, we review the recent progresses in their performance and applicable range of studies as well as potential future research directions to push the limits of deep tissue imaging.
Highlights
Recent advances in developments of novel optical imaging techniques in parallel with inventions of more powerful biomarkers have realized new observation windows that previous generation of researchers could only dream about
Theeld of adaptive optics (AO) and wavefront shaping, which are able to correct for low-order aberrations and multiple scattering, respectively, have shown great potential and impressive demonstrations that have enabled high resolution imaging through highly turbid biological tissue or even increase the information throughput of conventional optical systems.[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]
We describe the emergingeld of AO and wavefront shaping and provide insight into their performance and applicable range of studies as well as current limitations and futuregures of merit that should be achieved for a broader impact in the bioimaging community
Summary
Recent advances in developments of novel optical imaging techniques in parallel with inventions of more powerful biomarkers have realized new observation windows that previous generation of researchers could only dream about. New calcium sensitive dyes and proteins with superior performance in terms of brightness, contrast, and temporal sensitivity make noninvasive measurements of neural activity in living mammalian brains an everyday experiment.[1] Development of the so-called \optical electrophysiology" technologies such as genetically encoded calcium indicators and genetically encoded voltage indicators, have enabled dynamic observation of up to tens of thousands of neurons.[2,3,4,5,6,7] With respect to developments in the optical sciences, 3D imaging techniques with depth sectioning capabilities have played This is an Open Access article published by World Scientic Publishing Company. Theeld of adaptive optics (AO) and wavefront shaping, which are able to correct for low-order aberrations and multiple scattering, respectively, have shown great potential and impressive demonstrations that have enabled high resolution imaging through highly turbid biological tissue or even increase the information throughput of conventional optical systems.[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21] Here, we describe the emergingeld of AO and wavefront shaping and provide insight into their performance and applicable range of studies as well as current limitations and futuregures of merit that should be achieved for a broader impact in the bioimaging community
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