Abstract
Beginning with a brief overview of the history of lower bounds on the quality factor Q of antennas and the fundamental relationships between the impedance, bandwidth, and Q of antennas, it is demonstrated by means of RLC circuit models of electrically small antennas that their isolated-resonance quality factors obtained from the ‘Q-energy’ predicts their bandwidths with greater accuracy than the ‘equivalent-circuit’ energies or the ‘electrodynamic’ energies. A generalisation is obtained for quasi-static fields of antennas that facilitate the evaluation of the expressions for the Q-energy. It is verified that the Q-energy cannot be considered stored energy in the highly dispersive lossy material. Nonetheless, using tuning elements containing highly dispersive lossy material, the bandwidth of fifty-per cent (for example) efficient electrically small dipole antennas can be designed with twice the bandwidth predicted by the Chu lower bound for the quality factor of fifty-per cent efficient antennas.
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