Abstract
We evaluated whether the biological activity of the surface of titanium, when stored in an aqueous solution after ultraviolet (UV) treatment, is comparable to that of the surface immediately after UV treatment. We subjected Grade IV titanium discs with machined surfaces to UV radiation for 15 min and then tested them immediately and after storage for 28 days, with and without distilled H2O (dH2O). We evaluated the surface characteristics using surface profiling, contact angle analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in terms of the surface zeta-potential. We determined the level of biological activity by analysing albumin adsorption, MC3T3-E1 and human mesenchymal cell adhesion and cytoskeleton development, as well as the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species between groups. The surface characteristics produced by the UV irradiation were maintained in dH2O for 28 days. We found that titanium stored in dH2O for 28 days after UV treatment exhibited enhanced protein adsorption, cell attachment, and cytoskeleton development. Titanium stored in dH2O for 28 days after UV irradiation exhibited a lower level of oxidative stress, comparable to that of the titanium immediately after UV treatment. UV treatment combined with wet storage can be used as a means of overcoming the biological aging of titanium.
Highlights
Titanium is widely used commercially as an orthopaedic and dental implant material for the rehabilitation of degenerated joint function and the restoration of missing teeth
We aimed to evaluate whether the biological activity of a titanium surface when stored in an aqueous solution after ultraviolet light (UV) treatment is comparable to that of the surface immediately after UV treatment
This is because few studies have been conducted with the assumption that the biological activity of titanium after UV treatment can be maintained for a long period of time while in storage
Summary
Titanium is widely used commercially as an orthopaedic and dental implant material for the rehabilitation of degenerated joint function and the restoration of missing teeth. As the percentage of hydrocarbons on a titanium surface increases, the surface zeta potential on the surface changes from electropositive to electronegative, while a cell-attracting terminal consisting of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence can be blocked by the hydrocarbons[8,9,10] This phenomenon prevents negatively charged blood protein and the extracellular matrix of the cells from attaching to the implant surface. To the best our knowledge, few studies have evaluated whether the time-dependent biological activity of the surface of titanium, stored in an aqueous solution after UV treatment, is comparable to that of the surface immediately after UV treatment for commercially available UV-pretreated titanium implants
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