Abstract
Accelerating the development of emergent therapeutic strategies is urgently needed to improve the dismal survival rates in ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer remains one of the deadliest cancer types, with a 5-year survival rate of just 30% for the majority of patients; yet the standard of care has barely changed in decades. The high tumor heterogeneity and frequency of relapse with drug-resistant tumors has made both research and treatment especially challenging. Cancer stem cells represent a small tumor cell population proposed to drive tumor relapses and resistance in several cancer types, including ovarian. Patient-derived tumor organoids recapitulate tumor heterogeneity and drug responses, including inter- and intra-patient differences, and are amenable to high-throughput screening. For many solid cancers like ovarian, ex vivo drug testing using patient-derived tumor organoids has been implemented, creating the opportunity to establish precision medicine platforms for preclinical therapeutic testing including in racial and ethnic minorities underrepresented in clinical trials. In this article, we will first discuss the complexity of ovarian cancer biology along with current and emerging therapeutic strategies. We will then describe tumor organoid technologies, highlighting evidence to date in predicting patient drug responses as well as current efforts to realize the promise of organoid platforms for improving ovarian cancer treatment.
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