Abstract
Background: This study aimed to globally assess heat strain, dehydration, and mechanical load as acute kidney injury (AKI) indicators in amateur endurance trail athletes during a 35.3 km run. Methods: Thirty amateur experienced trail runners completed an endurance trail run (total positive ascend 1815 m). The following assessments were performed at four measurement time points (pre-, during, immediately post [-post0h], and after 24 h of the finish of the run [-post24h]): serum test (creatinine, blood ureic nitrogen, albumin, creatine kinase, blood ureic nitrogen: creatinine ratio, creatinine clearance, and glomerular filtration rate), mechanical load (impacts and Player Load), heat strain and dehydration (hematocrit, urine solids, body weight and urine specific gravity), pain and exertion perception (rate of perceived exertion, lumbar and bipodal, and one-leg squat pain), and urinalysis (pH, protein, glucose, erythrocytes, and urine specific gravity). Results: There were pre vs. post0h changes in all serum biomarkers (F = 5.4–34.45, p < 0.01). The change in these biomarkers correlated with an increase in mechanical load indicators (r = 0.47–59, p < 0.05). A total of 40% and 23.4% of participants presented proteinuria and hematuria, respectively. Pain and perceived exertion increased significantly due to effort made during the endurance trail running (F = 4.2–176.4, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Endurance trail running may lead to an increase in blood and urine indicators of transitional AKI. The difference in blood and urine markers was significantly related to the mechanical load during running, suggesting potential kidney overload and cumulative mechanical load.
Highlights
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.There are activities of increasing popularity in endurance sports, such as running, cycling, triathlon, and open water swimming
A significant change between pre vs. post0h assessments in all serum biomarkers was found, and its percentage of change correlated with mechanical load indicators (Player Load as accelerometry-based load index)
While the results of this study have provided information regarding the influence of heat strain, mechanical load and dehydration in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI), some limitations to the study must be acknowledged
Summary
There are activities of increasing popularity in endurance sports, such as running, cycling, triathlon, and open water swimming. This widespread endurance sports practice responds to the economic prosperity of some populations, relatively inexpensive travel cost, and the relatively affordable and user-friendly required equipment for its practice [1]. Endurance exercising usually requires great effort and takes the body to its physiological, cognitive, and physical limits. The cumulative moderate to high-intensity actions over.
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