Out-of-pocket spending and health care utilization associated with initiation of different medications for opioid use disorder: Findings from a national commercially insured cohort

Abstract

IntroductionBuprenorphine and naltrexone are effective medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Naltrexone requires complete detoxification from opioids before initiation while buprenorphine does not, which leads to a differential clinical induction challenge. Few studies have evaluated economic costs associated with MOUD initiation. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using the 2014–2019 Merative MarketScan database. We included individuals diagnosed with opioid use, abuse, or dependence from 2014 to 2019 who initiated one of three MOUD types: 1) buprenorphine, 2) extended-release naltrexone, or 3) oral naltrexone. We calculated total and monthly out-of-pocket spending, for overall and MOUD-specific claims, for the three months prior through three months after MOUD initiation. We also calculated utilization of detoxification, inpatient, and outpatient services monthly over this period. ResultsOur cohort included 27,133 individuals; 19,536, 1886, and 5711 initiated buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone, and oral naltrexone, respectively. Individuals who initiated naltrexone had the highest out-of-pocket spending over the study period. MOUD-specific spending did not contribute substantially to total out-of-pocket spending. Difference in overall spending by MOUD type was driven by a subset of individuals who initiated naltrexone and had very high out-of-pocket spending in the month prior to MOUD initiation. In this month, mean monthly out-of-pocket spending for high-spenders (above 90th percentile within MOUD type category) was $5734 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: $5181–$6286) and $4622 (95 % CI: $4161–$5082) for those who initiated oral and extended-release naltrexone, respectively, compared with $1852 (95 % CI: $1754–$1950) for those who initiated buprenorphine. In the month prior to MOUD initiation, those who initiated naltrexone also had higher detoxification, inpatient, and outpatient episode/visit frequency. In the month prior to initiation, 28.8 % (95 % CI: 27.7 %–30.0 %) and 25.5 % (95 % CI: 23.6 %–27.5 %) of individuals who initiated oral and extended-release naltrexone had detoxification episodes, compared with 9.7 % (95 % CI: 9.3 %–10.1 %) of those who initiated buprenorphine. ConclusionFindings suggest that individuals who initiated naltrexone utilized more intensive health services, including detoxification, in the period prior to MOUD initiation, resulting in significantly higher out-of-pocket spending. Out-of-pocket spending is a patient-centered outcome reflecting potential patient burden. Our results should be considered as part of the shared decision-making process between patients and providers when choosing treatment for OUD.