Out-of-Equilibrium Anderson Model at High and Low Bias Voltages

Abstract

We study the high- and low-voltage properties of the out-of-equilibrium Anderson model for quantum dots, using a functional method in the Keldysh formalism. The Green's function at the impurity site can be regarded as a functional of a nonequilibrium distribution function f eff (ω). The dependence of the Green's function on the bias voltage V and temperature T arises through f eff (ω). From this behavior as a functional, it is shown that the nonequilibrium Green's function at e V →∞ is identical to the equilibrium one at T →∞. This correspondence holds when the couplings of the dot and two leads, at the left and right, are equal. In the opposite limit, for small e V , the low-energy behavior of the Green's function can be described by the local Fermi-liquid theory up to terms of order ( e V ) 2 . These results imply that the correlation effects due to the Coulomb interaction U can be treated adiabatically in the two limits, at high and low bias voltages.