Outline of colloid chemistry. I

Abstract

In the present study, heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) process was applied to remove the sulfasalazine (SU) pharmaceutical from aqueous solutions. In the first part, 3D graphene loaded with [email protected]2O3 core-shell nanowires ([email protected]2O3/3D-GO) was used as a cathode electrode in the EF process. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized for the synthesis of 3D graphene nanocomposites using the improved Hummers’ method and subsequently 3D graphene synthesized by the hydrothermal method using glycine. Finally, [email protected]2O3/3D-GO composite was synthesized and its properties were assessed by Scanning electron microscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. Then, the cathode electrode was prepared using the resulting composite and its performance was evaluated using Cyclic Voltammetry analysis. In the final part of this work, the [email protected]2O3/3D-GO electrode was used as the cathode electrode in the heterogeneous EF process to remove SU from aqueous solutions. The effect of operating parameters such as applied current (mA), initial pH of solution, initial pharmaceutical concentration (mg L−1) and process time (min) on pharmaceutical removal efficiency under heterogeneous EF process was investigated by response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum values for applied current, pH, initial pharmaceutical concentration and electrolysis time were respectively 300 mA, 7, 30 mg L−1 and 100 min, resulting 99.60% of SU removal. Finally, the intermediates of SU degradation were determined by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and the amount of mineralization was determined by total organic carbon analysis. About 5.2% drop in the SU removal efficiency was observed within 8 operational runs.