Abstract
BackgroundConversion, fragmentation, and loss of natural habitats are among the main causes of declining species’ populations worldwide. Protected areas are therefore crucial for biodiversity as they provide refuge and ensure key ecological processes. Wildlife translocations, defined as “the deliberate movement of organisms from one site for release in another”, have been used in conjunction as a conservation tool for a number of decades as wild populations become increasingly fragmented and endangered. Not only are translocations used to bolster the viability of imperiled species but are also recommended for improving population resilience and adapting species’ ranges in response to climate change. Despite translocation being a recognised conservation tool, it remains complex with variable results due to the different factors that can determine its success. Accordingly, the Map will investigate the existing evidence on the links between different types of wildlife translocation interventions and factors that may be important to consider for planning. This will provide an overview of relevant studies for possible future syntheses, and may help to inform management decisions.MethodWe will perform a thorough search of peer-reviewed journal articles and grey literature sources documenting the occurrence of translocations in the context of protected areas. Two databases will be used: Web of science core collection and Scopus, with a supplementary search in Google Scholar. Multiple key specialized websites will also be used. All bibliographic data will be extracted, managed, and screened in Microsoft excel. Three screening stages will be undertaken (title, then abstract, then full texts) against predefined inclusion criteria. The retained relevant literature will be subjected to coding and meta-data extraction. No formal validity appraisal will be undertaken. The Map will particularly highlight translocation operations in terms of origin and destination (i.e. translocating from one protected area to another, within the same area, and from and to non-protected areas) by taxonomic group, among other important factors (e.g. number of individuals, age class, release strategy, distance between capture and release sites etc.). Finally, a database will be provided along with a Map narratively describing the evidence with summary figures and tables of pertinent study characteristics.
Highlights
It may occur in different contexts such as reintroduction in which organisms are transported and released into their historical native range but from which they have become extirpated or extinct, or supplementation, which refers to the addition of individuals to an existing population of conspecifics [12]
This refers to the intentional manual transfer/movement and release of an organism outside of its indigenous range/ historical distribution [12]
(ii) Ecological replacement: This refers to the intentional manual transfer/movement and release of an organism outside its indigenous range/ historical distribution, to perform a specific ecological function [12]
Summary
Modification, fragmentation, and loss of natural habitats are among the main causes of declining species’ populations worldwide [1,2,3,4]. This is notably due to the numerous different factors that influence its success [33, 34] such as the number of translocated individuals [35], the distances involved [36], whether acclimatisation strategies (e.g. protective enclosures or supplemental feeding) are used [37], and what levels of habitat quality individuals are faced with at release sites [25, 26]. Our aim is to map evidence of translocation operations carried out in the context of protected areas detailing the distribution and abundance of relevant studies in relation to key factors that influence success. This will provide an evidence base for possible future reviews, and should.
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