Outcomes of Refractory Cytomegalovirus Infection in the First Year after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Abstract

Outcomes of refractory (Rf) cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (CMVi) after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are poor owing to limited treatment options and treatment related toxicities. Maribavir, an orally bioavailable CMV antiviral, was recently approved for treatment of Rf-CMVi. Real-world studies quantifying the burden of Rf-CMVi prior to maribavir provide a benchmark for evaluating the net value of novel treatments. Here we report the incidence, clinical outcomes, and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) associated with Rf-CMVi in the first year post-HCT in a cohort of CMV-seropositive HCT recipients (R+) who underwent HCT between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2017, at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and were managed exclusively by preemptive therapy. CMVi was defined as CMV viremia treated preemptively. Rf-CMVi was defined as a <1 log10 decrease and CMV viral load >1000 U/mL after ≥14 days of appropriately dosed therapy. Welldays were defined as alive days not hospitalized and off CMV antivirals by 1 year post-HCT. The impact of Rf-CMVi on mortality and HRU was examined in multivariable models. Of the 286 R+ patients, 145 (50.7%) developed CMVi (99 no Rf-CMVi and 46 Rf-CMVi). Compared with the no Rf-CMVi group, the Rf-CMVi group had higher rates of CMV EOD (23.9% versus 10.1%; P=.030), CMV-related mortality (9.5% versus .0%; P=.002), and all-cause mortality (33.3% versus 15.6%; adjusted P=.049). Rf-CMVi was an independent predictor for readmission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.19 to 4.87; P < .0001); CMV-related readmission (aOR, 9.48; 95% CI, 5.83 to 15.80; P < .0001), and decreased well days (adjusted arithmetic mean ratio, .72; 95% CI, .58 to .89; P=.001) in the first year post-HCT. Rf-CMVi is associated with increased mortality and increased HRU at 1 year after HCT. Improved therapies for Rf-CMVi have the potential of improving HCT outcomes and reducing HRU.