Outcomes of patients with definite and suspected isolated cardiac sarcoidosis treated with an implantable cardiac defibrillator

Abstract

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) patients are at increased risk for sudden death. Isolated CS is rare and can be difficult to diagnose. In this multicenter retrospective review, patients with CS and an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) were identified. Of 235 patients with CS and ICD, 13 (5.5%) had isolated CS, including 7 (3.0%) with definite isolated CS (biopsy or necropsy-proven) and 6 (2.6%) with suspected isolated CS based on a constellation of clinical, ECG, and imaging findings. Among 13 patients with isolated CS, 10 (76.9%) were male, mean age was 53.8 ± 7.6years, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 38.3 ± 16.5. Diagnosis was made by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) (n = 2), biopsy (n = 3), CMR and biopsy (n = 2), CMR and positron emission tomography (PET) (n = 2), PET (n = 1), late enhanced cardiac CT (n = 1), pathology at heart transplant (n = 1), and autopsy (n = 1). Eight of 13 (61.5%) patients with isolated CS had a secondary prevention indication (VT in 6 and VF in 2) vs. 80 of 222 (36.0%) with sarcoidosis in other organs (p = 0.04). Over a mean of 4.2years, 9 of 13 (69.2%) patients with isolated CS received appropriate ICD therapy, including anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) and/or shock, compared with 75 of 222 (33.8%) patients with cardiac and extracardiac sarcoidosis (p = 0.0150). Six of 7 (85.7%) patients with definite isolated CS received appropriate ICD intervention, compared with 78 of 228 patients (34.2%) without definite isolated CS (p = 0.0192.) In this retrospective study, patients with isolated CS had very high rates of appropriate ICD therapy. Prospective, long-term follow-up of consecutive patients with isolated CS is needed to determine the true natural history and rates of ventricular arrhythmias in this rare and difficult-to-diagnose disease.