Abstract
Introduction: Globally tobacco smoking is considered as a foremost public health problem. Erythrocytes membrane lipids are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and the oxidative effects of oxygen on its membrane are greater than other tissues and the condition is heightened by tobacco smoke.Free radicals present in the tobacco increases peroxidation products in blood and vascular tissues are chiefly responsible for harmful effects.
 Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the impact of stress induced by tobacco smoke on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant parameters in patients with anemia.
 Methodology: A hospital-based case-control study was carried out in Kantipur Dental College Teaching Hospital, included 150 tobacco smoking anemic and 150 healthy volunteers. The stress parameter was assessed by the determination of malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxide and nitric oxide. The non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamins A, C and E and total antioxidant activity and enzymatic antioxidants were catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were also determined.
 Result: Hemoglobin level in anemic smokers showed raised level as compared to healthyindividualsbut there was diminished antioxidants status and elevated free radical parameters in anemic smokersdespite their raised hemoglobin status.We found statistically increased malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxide and nitric oxide levels and decreased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant status, thus increasing the oxidative stress.
 Conclusion: The present study showed high concentration of hemoglobin, low status of non-enzymatic antioxidants and high levels of oxidants as compared to controls reflecting the destructive and oxidative effects of tobacco smoke.
Highlights
2 billion people are es mated to be suffering from anemia and smoking is a public health problem throughout the globe and is known to affect an oxidants level.[1]
Result Hemoglobin level in anemic smokers showed raised level as compared to healthyindividualsbu here was diminished an oxidants status and elevated free radical parameters in anemicsmokersdespite their raised hemoglobinstatus.We found sta s cally increased malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxide and nitric oxide levels and decreased enzyma c and non-enzyma c an oxidant status, increasing the oxida ve stress
Each year seven million people are dying of tobacco smoking worldwide with several associated complica ons, among them anemia is one
Summary
2 billion people are es mated to be suffering from anemia and smoking is a public health problem throughout the globe and is known to affect an oxidants level.[1] Globally, one in three adults, or 1.2 billion people smoke and about 82% reside in low- and middle-income countries.[2,3]. Free radicals are con nuously produced by the body's normal use of oxygen. Cells use oxygen to generate energy and free radicals are produced by the mitochondria. A normal cell balances between forma on and removal of free radicals. Balance is shi ed towards more forma on of free radicals as cigare e smoke produces number of hazardous chemicals compounds including free radicals.[4,5] Approximately, cigare es produce 7000 chemicals, each puff contains 1015 low molecular weight free radicals which ini ate and propagate lipid.[3,6]
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