Abstract
Breeding system, sexual system, temporal variation in sex expression and herkogamy were evaluated in seven herbaceous-shrubby communities from the Gran Sabana Plateau, Venezuela. This analysis was conducted considering the life form, substrate type, succulence, carbon metabolism, nutritional relation, successional stage, pollination system specificity and endemism of plant species. Of the 348 plant species studied, 73.8 % were hermaphrodite, 16.9 % were monoecious and 9.2 % were dioecious. Plant sexual systems such as dichogamy and herkogamy were associated with life form, nutritional relations, carbon metabolism and pollination systems. Most species were adichogamous, followed by protandrous and protogynous. Protandry was high for perennial herbs, annual herbs and trees, and protogyny was most frequent in perennial herbs. Protandrous and protogynous species were frequently anemophilous. Herkogamy was higher than non-herkogamy. Herkogamy was higher for trees, shrubs and liana; higher in monophilous and lower in anemophilous species. Most of the hermaphrodites were herkogamous and adichogamous species. In contrast, monoecy were commonly perennial herb and dichogamous species and frequently associated with anemophily. Dioecious species were trees and shrubs and with polyphilous pollination. Dioecy was the most frequent sexual system for endemic species. Hermaphrodite species were similarly distributed across plant communities. Monoecy was slightly higher for savanna and fallow than the other communities, and dioecy was higher for shrublands and secondary bushland. Most plant species were non-agamospermous, non-spontaneous self-pollinated and xenogamous. Partially self-incompatible dominated, followed by self-incompatible, partially cross-incompatible and the lowest frequency corresponded to cross-incompatible species. All these results are discussed in the context of evolutionary and ecological trends.
Highlights
Values in bold face indicate significant residual and superscript indicates: a = Positive Residual at P
4 Self-incompatibility index categories: SI = self-incompatible, PSI = partially self-incompatible, PCI = partially cross-incompatible, CI = cross-incompatible. ** = Statistical analysis was not performed because data set do not fit to Chi square test; *** = these results were performed excluding PCSM; PCASP; PE and CI species, respectively
NSSP NSSPTrimezia fosteriana IXONANTHACEAE Ochthocosmus attenuatus O. longipedicellatus LOGANIACEAE Bonyunia minor LORANTHACEAE Struthanthus gracilis Tripodanthus acutifolius MALPIGHIACEAE Byrsonima concinna B. crassifolia (Shrubland) B. crassifolia (Savanna) B. verbascifolia Tetrapterys styloptera T. pusilla MELASTOMATACEAE Clidemia pustulata C. sericea Comolia microphylla Macairea parvifolia Marcetia taxifolia Meriania sclerophylla M. urceolata Miconia alata M. aplostachya M. ciliata M. ibaguensis M. phaeophylla Microlicia benthamiana Tibouchina fraterna Tococa guianensis T. nitens MYRTACEAE
Summary
NAG = non-agamospermous, PAG = partially agamospermous, PCSM = partially constrained sexual mating. Spontaneous self-pollination index categories: NSSP = non-spontaneous self-pollinated, PSSP = partially spontaneous self-pollinated, PCASP = partially constrained assisted self-pollination. Self-fertility index categories: X = xenogamous, PX = partially xenogamous, PE = partially endogamous. Self-incompatibility index categories: SI = self-incompatible, PSI = partially self-incompatible, PCI = partially cross-incompatible, CI = cross-incompatible. ** = Statistical analysis was not performed because data set do not fit to Chi square test; *** = these results were performed excluding PCSM; PCASP; PE and CI species, respectively. Community, sexual system, temporal sexual expression, and spatial sexual separation of 348 plant species of herbaceous-shrubby communities in the Gran Sabana Plateau
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