Abstract
According to current regulation, millimeter wave links can only rely on low transmission power, which calls for high gain steerable antenna arrays to generate very directional beams bringing signals of detectable power to the intended receiver. However, beam directionality, jointly with the very limited scattering and diffracting capabilities of millimeter waves, implies high sensitivity to obstructions, which can cause link outage. This article proposes new analytical models for the estimation of the outage probability of millimeter wave indoor and outdoor links, based on the derivation of the distribution of the obstruction length along the beam. To derive the models, we use stochastic geometry and assume randomly located obstructions. The proposed models are used to explore the impact on millimeter wave link performance of a number of parameters such as distance between transmitter and receiver, obstruction shape and size, density of obstructions, carrier frequency and modulated bandwidth. The models can be used to study realistic 2D and 3D scenarios, and are shown to be quite accurate by comparing analytical predictions and simulation results in numerous cases.
Highlights
According to the latest Cisco Annual Internet Report [2], ‘‘there will be 13.1 billion mobile connected devices by 2023’’, and ‘‘the average mobile connection speed will grow 3.3-fold from 2018 to 2023, from 13.2 Mbps in 2018 to 43.9 Mbps by 2023’’
average obstuction length only (AVG) can be obtained from weighted Delta comb case (WDC) when we consider a single Dirac delta in the comb used to approximate the distribution of per-object obstruction length
2) INTERPRETATION OF THE MODELS The outage formulas of AVG and WDC reveal that the complement to 1 of the outage probability can be approximated by using weighted exponential functions of the outage threshold, with progressively decreasing amplitude due to the attenuation of the considered combination of obstructions
Summary
According to the latest Cisco Annual Internet Report [2], ‘‘there will be 13.1 billion mobile connected devices by 2023’’, and ‘‘the average mobile connection speed will grow 3.3-fold from 2018 to 2023, from 13.2 Mbps in 2018 to 43.9 Mbps by 2023’’. We derive simple yet accurate and tractable expressions to characterize the cumulative obstruction length caused by multiple objects between a transmitter and a receiver on both LoS and reflected paths, as well as the corresponding attenuation. This provides a significant improvement with respect to existing models that either consider the presence of an obstruction as a binary decision variable that causes outage, or consider the actual attenuation due to an obstruction but do not account for the compound effect of multiple obstructions at all.
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