Out-of-Pocket Direct Cost of Ambulatory Care of Type 2 Diabetes in Delhi: Estimates from The Delhi Diabetes COMmunity-II (DEDICOM-II) Survey

Abstract

Background & AimMuch of the cost data from India is restricted to patients recruited purely from healthcare institutions and do not explore determinants. Therefore, the out of pocket expenditure for ambulatory diabetes care was evaluated in Delhi. MethodsThe DEDICOM-II survey used a two-stage probability-proportionate-to-size(systematic) cluster design. Thirty clusters were chosen to recruit 25 to 30 subjects per area. We used questionnaires to estimate the direct out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on drugs, investigations, consultation and travel, excluding hospitalisation, and then analysed its determinants and impact on quality of care. ResultsWe enrolled 843 subjects with a mean age of 53.1 years. The annual direct OOPE on ambulatory care of diabetes was US$ 116.3 (95% CI 93.8-138.9), corresponding to 3.6%(95% CI 2.9-4.3) of the yearly family income. The burden of expenses was disproportionately higher for those visiting private providers from lower-income groups(19.1%). Duration of disease and treatment with insulin predicted higher annual OOPE while care at public facilities was less expensive. Cost was higher for those adhering to the recommended processes of care. Quality of care was better for institutional care and worse for alternative or self-care. ConclusionsThe study provides representative estimates of the high cost of diabetes management in Delhi across the socio-economic and care provider spectra. Poorer patients suffer a high financial burden from diabetes, highlighting the need for enhancing equity in diabetes care.