Abstract
By realizing a nonvolatile third intermediate ferroelectric state through anisotropic misfit strain, we demonstrate electrical switching among three stable out-of-plane polarizations in bismuth ferrite thin films grown on ${(110)}_{\mathrm{pc}}$-oriented gadolinium scandate substrates (where pc stands for pseudocubic) by the use of an asymmetric external electric field at the step edge of a bottom electrode. We employ phenomenological Landau theory, in conjunction with electrical poling experiments using piezoresponse force microscopy, to understand the role of anisotropic misfit strain and an in-plane electric field in stabilization of multiple ferroelectric states and their competition. Our finding provides a useful insight into multistep ferroelectric switching in rhombohedral ferroelectrics.
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