Abstract
Considering the increased contribution of foods consumed outside home and their potential impact on diet, this study aims to identify eating out patterns and their association with nutritional dietary quality in Brazil. We used the Individual Food Intake Survey 2008–2009, conducted with 34,003 individuals aged 10 and up. We used factor analysis by principal component to identify out-of-home eating patterns and linear regression to explore the association between patterns scores and dietary quality. We identified three food patterns. The “Traditional meal” pattern carried more rice, beans, meat, roots and tubers, pasta, vegetables and eggs. The “typical Brazilian breakfast/tea” pattern carried more fresh bread, margarine, milk, cheese and butter. The “Ultra-processed food” pattern carried more ready-to-eat meals and soft drinks. The “traditional meal” pattern was positively associated with calories from proteins, fiber, iron, potassium and sodium densities, whereas “typical Brazilian breakfast/tea” and “ultra-processed food” patterns were positively associated with energy density, the percentage of calories from lipids or carbohydrates, trans fat and free sugar. Out-of-home eating may have a negative impact on nutritional dietary quality when based on ultra-processed food. However, it is possible to maintain a healthy out-of-home diet with adherence to traditional Brazilian cuisine.
Highlights
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the world’s main causes of death, especially in low and middle-income countries, accounting for 59.7% of total global deaths in 2015 and 71% of total Brazilian deaths [1]
The third pattern is exclusively composed of ultra-processed foods, such as soft drinks, ready-to-eat meals and sweets, which is called “ultra-processed food.”
The “traditional meal” pattern presented a positive association with healthy nutritional indicators and a negative association with unhealthy nutritional indicators and it was dietary pattern which explained most of the variance of food eaten out-of-home in Brazil
Summary
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the world’s main causes of death, especially in low and middle-income countries, accounting for 59.7% of total global deaths in 2015 and 71% of total Brazilian deaths [1]. It is important to underscore the increased prevalence of out-of-home eating as a habit deemed “convenient” in terms of reduced demands in cleaning and preparation time, as well as its portability [3]. In high-income countries such as the United States, food eaten out-of-home is associated with low fiber, calcium and iron content and high amounts of saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium [3,4], high energetic density and high processing level [3,5,6]. Out-of-home eating is associated with the consumption of unhealthy food items such as soda, fried appetizers, sweets and fast food [10,11].
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