Abstract
We find a rich variety of counterintuitive features in the steady states of a qubit array coupled to a dissipative source and sink at two arbitrary sites, using a master equation approach. We show there are setups where increasing the pump and loss rates establishes long-range coherence. At sufficiently strong dissipation, the source or sink effectively generates correlation between its neighboring sites, leading to a striking density-wave order for a class of "resonant" geometries. This effect can be used more widely to engineer nonequilibrium phases. We show the steady states are generically distinct for hard-core bosons and free fermions, and differ significantly from the ones found before in special cases. They are explained by generally applicable ansatzes for the long-time dynamics at weak and strong dissipation. Our findings are relevant for existing photonic setups.
Highlights
Environmental decoherence has long been seen as an unavoidable roadblock to stabilizing quantum phases for long periods of time [1]
The system can be reduced to free fermions [11], enabling special analytical approaches that have been used to examine nonequilibrium transport [11,12,13,14,15,16,17] and phase transitions [18,19,20]
The end-driven case is in sharp contrast to the scenario where pump and loss both occur at the center site, which we explored in a recent work [22]
Summary
Environmental decoherence has long been seen as an unavoidable roadblock to stabilizing quantum phases for long periods of time [1]. The competition between Hamiltonian dynamics and incoherent dissipation can produce feature-rich steady states with no analog in equilibrium condensed matter [6] Understanding these nonequilibrium phases is of fundamental interest [7], with potential applications in quantum computing [8]. Hard-core bosons and free fermions can form qualitatively distinct steady-state correlations, their density profiles are always reflection symmetric. These attributes are explained by a simple product ansatz of the single-particle modes. V, we find that at strong dissipation the chain is generally divided into a filled and an empty segment separated by a highentropy bulk These segments are coupled by the source or sink which effectively produces correlation.
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