Ouelques techniques récentes utilisant les rayons X pour l'étude de la matière condensée

Abstract

A commonplace in the history of X-rays is the exponential increase of the brilliance of sources with time, which has allowed one eventually to use all the possible interactions of X-rays, considered as electromagnetic waves, with matter. The aim of Ms brief view is to discuss some of the most premising developments, in particular at third generation synchrotron sources. Imaging techniques (tomography, microscopy and holography) are discussed after a brief historical introduction. All these methods have greatly benefited from developments in X-ray optics: multilayers, Fresnel and Bragg Fresnel optics, capillary optics. A review of recent progress in spectroscopy is given as well: EXAFS, near-edge absorption spectroscopies (NFXAFS, XANES) and flirorescence spectroscopies, resonant Raman effect, resonont Auger effect, and finally magnetic dichroism. This section ends with a discussion of recent inelastic scertering experiments. Methods related to scattering and diffraction will be discussed in the last section: in particular standing waves, hologaphy, magnetic scattering and lecinaquer for the strutural investigation of surfaces (grating incidence diffraction and diffiue scattering, reflectivity). Finally, new possibility making use of the coherence of the beam (phoron correlation spectroscopy) will be discussed.