Ottoman Influence on Architecture: The Evolution of Spatial and Decorative Elements in the 19th Century Traditional Macedonian Architecture

Abstract

Vernacular architecture of 19th-century Macedonia have undergone significant transformations, primarily influenced by Ottoman architectural systems. In this context, "vernacular houses" refer to traditional dwellings built by local communities using indigenous materials and construction techniques. This study examines how Ottoman spatial configurations and decorative elements have been incorporated into Macedonian architecture during this period, illustrating the complex interplay between external influences and local adaptations. By examining these changes, the research reveals the evolving architectural identity of Macedonia in the 19th century. The research employs various qualitative methods, including a comprehensive review of historical texts and scholarly literature related to Macedonian vernacular architecture. In addition, field surveys, photographic documentation and interviews with local experts and residents have been conducted to observe and record architectural changes. The study concludes that 19th-century Macedonian vernacular houses have experienced significant alterations due to the incorporation of Ottoman architectural principles. These changes have been evident in the spatial organization, decorative motifs, and construction methods, which have been drawn from Ottoman traditions while preserving the distinctive characteristics of the region’s vernacular architecture. This adaptive process underscores the dynamic nature of Macedonian architecture, which has evolved through a blend of local and external architectural elements.