Abstract
Successful biomaterials for bone tissue therapy must present different biocompatible properties, such as the ability to stimulate the migration and proliferation of osteogenic cells on the implantable surface, to increase attachment and avoid the risks of implant movement after surgery. The present work investigates the applicability of a three-dimensional (3D) model of bone cells (osteospheres) in the evaluation of osteoconductive properties of different implant surfaces. Three different titanium surface treatments were tested: machined (MA), sandblasting and acid etching (BE), and Hydroxyapatite coating by plasma spray (PSHA). The surfaces were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), confirming that they present very distinct roughness. After seeding the osteospheres, cell–surface interactions were studied in relation to cell proliferation, migration, and spreading. The results show that BE surfaces present higher densities of cells, leaving the aggregates towards than titanium surfaces, providing more evidence of migration. The PSHA surface presented the lowest performance in all analyses. The results indicate that the 3D model allows the focal analysis of an in vitro cell/surfaces interaction of cells and surfaces. Moreover, by demonstrating the agreement with the clinical data observed in the literature, they suggest a potential use as a predictive preclinical tool for investigating osteoconductive properties of novel biomaterials for bone therapy.
Highlights
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Bone therapy in dentistry usually relies on the use of biomaterials from different origins, including xenografts, autografts, and allografts
The present study aims to characterize and evaluate the use of a three-dimensional bone cell model in a methodology for the in vitro evaluation of cell–surface interaction of different titanium implant surfaces and investigate possible parameters that can contribute to the predictability of in vitro cell/surface analyses
The first corresponds to an “as machined” titanium surface (MA); the second is a blasted/acid-etched (BE) Ti-6Al-4V surface, blasted with alumina and passivated in a nitric acid solution (Integra-Ti; Bicon, Boston, MA, USA); the third is a Ti-6Al-4V surface with a 300–500 nm plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coating (Integra-CP, Bicon, Boston, MA, USA), hereby identified as PSHA, for which an identification card and codification of the chemical and morphological characteristics are provided by Dohan Ehrenfest et al [21]
Summary
Bone therapy in dentistry usually relies on the use of biomaterials from different origins, including xenografts, autografts, and allografts. In many cases, the first treatment option, they have limitations as to their availability, and include the possibility of morbidity at the donor site. The development of synthetic biomaterials that have a low cost and that can improve the quality of life of patients is of paramount importance [1]. The main synthetic bone graft materials available. Today consist of metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites [2]. Metallic biomaterials stand out for having good mechanical performance, being generally resistant to traction, fracture, fatigue, and corrosion [3]. Titanium (Ti) is more widely used in orthopedics and dentistry due to its greater resistance to corrosion and better biocompatibility [4,5]
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