Abstract
The objectives are to present an updated synopsis on osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome and evaluate the roles of selected micronutrients in its prevention and management. OSA refers to the concurrent deterioration of bone (osteopenia/osteoporosis), muscle (sarcopenia) and adipose tissue expansion. It portrays the most advanced stage in a continuum of body composition disorders. Although OSA has been widely studied involving the populations of different backgrounds, its prevalence is hard to collate because different methodologies and criteria were used for its diagnosis. Another critical health aspect is the presence of low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) which contributes to OSA and vice versa. Nutrition is important in the prevention and management of both OSA and LGCI. Although micronutrients act in numerous metabolic and physiological processes, their roles here are presented in relation to OSA (and its components) and LGCI in general and relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic. These include calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and vitamins D and K; their interactions, physiological ratios and synergism/antagonism are discussed as well. In conclusion, calcium, magnesium and vitamin D have a profound impact on OSA and its components, and the latter two also on LGCI. Potassium and vitamin K are vital in bone, muscle functioning and possibly adipose tissue modification. Both, but particularly vitamin D, surfaced as important modulators of immune system with application in COVID-19 infections. While both phosphorus and sodium have important roles in bone, muscle and can impact adiposity, due to their abundance in food, their intake should be curbed to prevent possible damaging effects.
Highlights
The objectives are to present an updated synopsis on osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome and evaluate the roles of selected micronutrients in its prevention and management
OSA refers to the concurrent deterioration of bone, muscle and adipose tissue expansion
Another critical health aspect is the presence of low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) which contributes to OSA and vice versa
Summary
The objectives are to present an updated synopsis on osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome and evaluate the roles of selected micronutrients in its prevention and management. Micronutrients act in numerous metabolic and physiological processes, their roles here are presented in relation to OSA (and its components) and LGCI in general and relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic These include calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and vitamins D and K; their interactions, physiological ratios and synergism/antagonism are discussed as well. Micronutrients and osteosarcopenic adiposity components, namely bone, muscle and adipose tissue; leading to osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia/dynapenia and overweight/obesity, respectively[2,3,4] Each of these body composition disorders has been studied throughout the years in older individuals, for the most part, as separate entities. Vitamins and mineral elements (minerals) are receiving increasing attention in the COVID-19 pandemic due to the anti-oxidative and antiinflammatory properties and immune system modulation which some of them exert (2020–2021)(6,7) In this context, it is important to keep in mind that micronutrients are not consumed alone. The complexity of nutrients’ action and difficulties in assessing their requirements and intake in human subjects was addressed recently, where the concept of nutrient ratio was introduced[10,11], possibly providing a better way for linking dietary intake with health outcomes, as well as offering better estimates for the nutrient recommendations
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