Abstract
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a potent inhibitor of soft tissue calcification, and Mgp gene deletion in mice results in arterial calcification. Our aim was to examine osteopontin (OPN) expression and localization, and posttranslational processing of OPN by the crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2), in the calcified aorta of Mgp-deficient (Mgp(-/-)) mice. Using immunohistochemistry and light and electron microscopy, we report that following mineralization occurring in the arterial media of Mgp(-/-) aortas, OPN is upregulated and accumulates at the surface of the calcified elastic lamellae. Macrophages were observed in direct contact with this OPN-rich layer. Western blot analysis of extracted Mgp(-/-) aortas revealed that the majority of the OPN was in high molecular mass protein complexes, indicating modification by a crosslinking enzyme. Consistent with this observation, TG2 expression and gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysyl crosslink levels were also increased in Mgp(-/-) aortas. In addition to the mineral-inhibiting actions of OPN, and based on data linking OPN and TG2 with cell adhesion in various cell types including monocytes and macrophages, we propose that TG2 interactions with OPN lead to protein polymerization that facilitates macrophage adhesion to the calcified elastic lamellae to promote clearance of the ectopic mineral deposits.
Highlights
Using immunohistochemistry and light and electron microscopy, we report that following mineralization occurring in the arterial media of Mgp2/2 aortas, OPN is upregulated and accumulates at the surface of the calcified elastic lamellae
Western blot analysis of extracted Mgp2/2 aortas revealed that the majority of the OPN was in high molecular mass protein complexes, indicating modification by a crosslinking enzyme
Consistent with this observation, transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression and g-glutamyl-e-lysyl crosslink levels were increased in Mgp2/2 aortas
Summary
Our aim was to examine osteopontin (OPN) expression and localization, and posttranslational processing of OPN by the crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2), in the calcified aorta of Mgp-deficient (Mgp2/2) mice. Our aim was to characterize OPN expression and crosslinking by TG2 in the calcified arteries of Mgp2/2 mice by light microscopy immunohistochemistry, by ultrastructural immunogold localization using transmission electron microscopy, and by biochemical methods
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