Abstract
The development of new bone substitutes has become an area of great interest in materials science. In fact, hydroxyapatite is the most commonly used biomaterial in defects that require bone reconstruction, and that is certainly why the discovery of new products with its formulation has been increasing continuously. The aim of this study was to analyze the biological behavior of a xenogeneic hydroxyapatite widely disclosed in the literature and a synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/Beta tricalcium phosphate in critical defects in the calvaria of Wistar rats. For this, the groups were divided as follows: 24 adult male Wistar rats were used, weighing between 300 and 350 g, in three groups with eight animals each. In the CTRL group (control), only the clot was kept, without material insertion; in the Bioss group (bovine hydroxyapatite), Bio Oss®—Gleistlich® was introduced; and in the Blue Bone group (REG), the defect was filled in with synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite associated with betatriphosphate of calcium, Blue Bone®—Regener®. According to the results in Goldner’s Trichromics, we can observe a higher percentage of newly formed bone matrix in the REG group than in the CTRL and Bioss groups; in the VEGF, we had a more adequate cell modulation for blood vessel formation in the Blue Bone group (REG) compared to the Bioss and CTRL groups, while in osteopontin, a higher percentage of bone formation was observed in the Blue Bone group (REG) and Bioss group when compared to the CTRL group. We conclude that bone formation, mitosis-inducing cell modulation and main osteoblast activity were higher in the Blue Bone group (REG) than in the CTRL and Bioss groups.
Highlights
The aim of this study was to compare the participation of osteoprogenitor cells and the extracellular matrix in the regeneration of critical bone defects with the application of grafts composed of nano-hydroxyapatite/Beta tricalcium phosphate of synthetic origin and hydroxyapatite of xenogeneic origin using histomorphometrics to compare the groups presented, generating a statistical result that would be relevant for a better analysis of the two biomaterials commonly used in guided bone regeneration surgeries
It is noteworthy that this study addressed the bone repair process in only one surgical time of late healing (60 days), indicating a better formation of bone matrix for the nanohydroxyapatite group; in addition, only two immunohistochemical modulators were used, limiting a wide discussion on the healing process and bone remodeling
Synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite had more significant relevance in the formation of newly formed bone matrix compared to xenogeneic hydroxyapatite and clot groups
Summary
Hydroxyapatite, an inorganic compound that constitutes 70% of the weight of bones and dental enamel, has been widely used for bone reconstruction surgeries [1], the development of new dental implant surfaces, and more recently in 3D technology for area replacement totally compromised by lesions caused by tumors or cancers of bone origin [2].even though hydroxyapatite is already an established material in the literature, many studies seek to understand more deeply how the physicochemical behavior related to the cells involved in the ossification process occurs [3,4,5].Recently, nanotechnology has been improving the bioactive properties of hydroxyapatite in relation to its crystals, resulting in a better response in association with nanocrystals 4.0/).than with thicker crystals [6]. The crystallinity is the property responsible for the biomaterial remaining for more or less time in the body, and with these advances in the way the crystals are manufactured, it is possible to control the reabsorption time and the replacement of the material more efficiently [7,8,9]. Another very important factor in the construction of a new biomaterial is its degree of porosity, which must be at a ratio greater than 50% [3]. This characteristic is directly correlated with better cell behavior, as it provides a more favorable environment for the proliferation and adequacy of cells involved in the ossification process, biomaterials with low porosity have a lower level of cellular response than biomaterials with more porosity, and the production of extracellular matrix becomes irrelevant in relation to biomaterials with greater porosity [10]
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