Osteoinduction of Umbilical Cord and Palate Periosteum–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic) Acid Nanomicrofibers

Abstract

The need for tissue-engineered bone to treat complex craniofacial bone defects secondary to congenital anomalies, trauma, and cancer extirpation is sizeable. Traditional strategies for treatment have focused on autologous bone in younger patients and bone substitutes in older patients. However, the capacity for merging new technologies, including the creation of nanofiber and microfiber scaffolds with advances in natal sources of stem cells, is crucial to improving our treatment options. The advantages of using smaller diameter fibers for scaffolding are 2-fold: the similar fiber diameters mimic the in vivo extracellular matrix construct and smaller fibers also provide a dramatically increased surface area for cell-scaffold interactions. In this study, we compare the capacity for a polymer with Federal Drug Administration approval for use in humans, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) from Delta polymer, to support osteoinduction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) harvested from the umbilical cord (UC) and palate periosteum (PP). Proliferation of both UC- and PP-derived MSCs was improved on PLGA scaffolds. The PLGA scaffolds promoted UC MSC differentiation (indicated by earlier gene expression and higher calcium deposition), but not in PP-derived MSCs. Umbilical cord-derived MSCs on the PLGA nanomicrofiber scaffolds have potential clinical utility in providing solutions for craniofacial bone defects, with the added benefit of earlier availability.