Abstract
Carbon enriched bioceramic (C-Bio) scaffolds have recently shown exceptional results in terms of their biological and mechanical properties. The present study aims at assessing the ability of the C-Bio scaffolds to affect the commitment of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAD-MSCs) and investigating the influence of carbon on cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of cAD-MSCs in vitro. The commitment of cAD-MSCs to an osteoblastic phenotype has been evaluated by expression of several osteogenic markers using real-time PCR. Biocompatibility analyses through 3-(4,5-dimethyl- thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, hemolysis assay, and Ames test demonstrated excellent biocompatibility of both materials. A significant increase in the extracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of runt-related transcription factor (RUNX), ALP, osterix (OSX), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) genes was observed in C-Bio scaffolds compared to those without carbon (Bio). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated excellent cell attachment on both material surfaces; however, the cellular layer on C-Bio fibers exhibited an apparent secretome activity. Based on our findings, graphene can improve cell adhesion, growth, and osteogenic differentiation of cAD-MSCs in vitro. This study proposed carbon as an additive for a novel three-dimensional (3D)-printable biocompatible scaffold which could become the key structural material for bone tissue reconstruction.
Highlights
Substantial bone devitalization or loss caused by trauma, neoplasia, delayed union, nonunion, fixation of bone fractures, and corrective osteotomies are major unfulfilled demands in human and veterinary practices [1,2,3,4]
The scaffolds for bone tissue engineering should be porous with good biocompatibility, controlled biodegradation, suitable material property, sufficient mechanical strength, and designed architecture to offer the potential applications for hard tissue repair [2,6,8]
This study will provide valuable outcomes regarding the potential application of graphene-based scaffold as an implantable scaffold
Summary
Substantial bone devitalization or loss caused by trauma, neoplasia, delayed union, nonunion, fixation of bone fractures, and corrective osteotomies are major unfulfilled demands in human and veterinary practices [1,2,3,4]. The scaffolds for bone tissue engineering should be porous with good biocompatibility, controlled biodegradation, suitable material property, sufficient mechanical strength, and designed architecture to offer the potential applications for hard tissue repair [2,6,8]. By monitoring several parameters of scaffold design, 3D printing technology can control the scaffold macrogeometry to perfectly adapt the implant to the tissue defect and the microarchitecture of the scaffold. In this manner, it could guarantee sufficient porosity and interconnectivity, as well as improve cell transportation and nutrient diffusion. Through an elevated degree of control, localization of biomolecular cues, and tailored mechanical properties, 3D printing can create complex material geometries that resemble endogenous tissues and exhibit analogous mechanical properties [5,11]
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