Osteogenic Potential of Magnesium (Mg)-Doped Multicomponent Bioactive Glass: In Vitro and In Vivo Animal Studies

Farzad Kermani,Sara Hooshmand,Peiman Brouki Milan,Sara Gorgani,Francesco Baino,Simin Nazarnezhad,Saeid Kargozar,Moein Amoupour

doi:10.3390/ma15010318

Abstract

The use of bioactive glasses (BGs) has been quite fruitful in hard tissue engineering due to the capability of these materials to bond to living bone. In this work, a melt-derived magnesium (Mg)-doped BG (composition: 45SiO2–3P2O5–26CaO–15Na2O–7MgO–4K2O (mol.%)) was synthesized for being used in bone reconstruction. The prepared BGs were then manufactured as three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds by using the sponge replica approach. The microstructure of the samples was assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the surface morphology was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro bioactivity and the release of osteo-stimulatory Mg2+ ions from the prepared samples were investigated over 7 days of incubation in simulated body fluids (SBF). In vitro cellular analyses revealed the compatibility of the Mg-doped BGs with human osteosarcoma cells (MG-63 cell line). Moreover, the Mg-doped BGs could induce bone nodule formation in vitro and improve the migratory ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In vivo osteogenic capacity was further evaluated by implanting the BG-derived scaffolds into surgically-created critical-size bone defects in rats. Histological and immunohistological observations revealed an appropriate bone regeneration in the animals receiving the glass-based scaffolds after 12 weeks of surgery. In conclusion, our study indicates the effectiveness of the Mg-doped BGs in stimulating osteogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Highlights

Exploring efficient strategies for treating bone lesions has gained increasing significance in recent years due to the worldwide raise in accidental injuries, obesity, congenital genetic abnormalities, and, more importantly, the aging population [1]
Upon thermal treatment used for scaffold production (950 ◦ C for 3 h), glass particles undergo sinter-crystallization as confirmed by the development of three crystalline phases (Figure 2b) that were identified as Na2 Ca2 Si3 O9, Na2 Ca4 (PO4 )2 SiO4, and Ca2 MgSi2 O7
The Mg-doped Bioactive glasses (BGs) caused no toxicity towards osteoblastic cells and could enhance bone nodule formation in vitro

Summary

Introduction

Exploring efficient strategies for treating bone lesions has gained increasing significance in recent years due to the worldwide raise in accidental injuries, obesity, congenital genetic abnormalities, and, more importantly, the aging population [1]. In this regard, the use of transplant materials (e.g., autografts, allografts, and xenografts) has been quite promising; several limitations are associated to their extensive usage in the clinic, including the shortage of donors, the risk of immune rejection, and the possibility of zoonoses (disease or infection transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans) when xenografts are used [2].

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