Abstract
We analyzed the influence of inflammatory macrophages on the osteogenic process in subcutaneous implants composed of mineral bone substitute. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages (TEPMs) were characterized as inflammatory. This was confirmed microscopically by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test and the production of tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF-?). The implants (M-type) were made of mineral bone substitute (Bio-Oss?) mixed with TEPMs and blood clot. Implants without macrophages served as the control (C-type). Subcutaneous implantation in the interscapular area was performed on BALB/c mice. Implants were extracted after 2 and 8 weeks. In M-type implants, phagocytosis and angiogenesis were more pronounced, and osteoblast-like cells aligned onto granules of implanted material and osteoid structures can be seen. The observed higher osteocalcin and lower osteopontin immunoexpression in M-type implants when compared to the control after 8 weeks suggest a more advanced osteogenic process. Our results indicate that the presence of inflammatory macrophages in the composition of an implant may have a beneficial effect on the osteogenic process.
Highlights
In clinical practice, there are often situations where major injuries, diseases or congenital malformations cause large bone defects (Khan et al, 2005)
We evaluated the role of inflammatory macrophages in the initiation of osteogenic processes on subcutaneous implantation model
Reactive oxygen species production in the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages (TEPMs) was higher compared to Resident peritoneal macrophages (RPMs)
Summary
There are often situations where major injuries, diseases or congenital malformations cause large bone defects (Khan et al, 2005). The repair of large bone defects has always been a challenge for orthopedics and surgery in general. The bone fracture healing process has three stages: inflammation, renewal and remodeling (Einhorn, 1998; Dimitriou et al, 2005). Bone fracture reparation is preceded by initial inflammatory response whose main participants are macrophages (Andrew et al, 1994). They are known to release a variety of factors that affect bone, such as proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (Christou et al, 1987; Forman and Torres, 2002; Kanczler et al, 2003; Schett, 2011). Opinions differ as to how macrophages and their products affect bone and osteogenesis (Grundnes and Reikeraas, 2000; Champagne, 2002; Mountziaris and Mikos, 2008; Lacey et al, 2009; Soltan et al, 2012; Bhat et al, 2013)
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